<text>Bader, Robert S., Hayseeds, Moralizers, and Methodists: TheTwentieth-Century Image of Kansas (1988); Buchanan, Rex, ed., Kansas Geology:An Introduction to Landscapes, Rocks, Minerals, and Fossils (1984); Davis,Kenneth S., Kansas: A History (1984); Drury, James W., The Government ofKansas, rev. ed. (1980); Federal Writers' Project, Kansas: A Guide to theSunflower State (1939; repr. 1973) and The WPA Guide to 1930s Kansas (1939;repr. 1984); Miner, Craig, West of Wichita (1986); Muilenburg, Grace, andSwineford, Ada, Land of the Post Rock (1975); Richmond, Robert W., Kansas: ALand of Contrasts (1974); Rydjord, John, Kansas Place Names (1972); Self,Huber, Environment and Man in Kansas: A Geographical Analysis (1978);Shortridge, James R., Kaw Valley Landscapes: A Traveler's Guide to NortheasternKansas, rev. ed. (1988); Socolofsky, Homer, and Self, Huber, Historical Atlasof Kansas (1977); Stratton, Joanna L., Pioneer Women: Voices from the KansasFrontier (1981); Zornow, William F., Kansas: A History of the Jayhawk State(1957; repr. 1971).</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_6405.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text>When Francisco Vasquez de CORONADO explored the area in 1541, Kansas wasoccupied primarily by Osage, Pawnee, and Kansa peoples. A Pueblo group, fleeingSpanish rule in New Mexico, occupied a site in western Kansas from about 1664until 1730. (The Pueblo site and a Pawnee village in northern Kansas have nowbeen restored.) Kansas was part of the area claimed by France as Louisiana at the end of the17th century. It was ceded to Spain in 1762, restored to France in 1800, andsold to the United States in 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase. Many of the famousexpeditions to the West in the early 19th century passed through Kansas,including those of Zebulon Montgomery PIKE in 1806 and Stephen H. LONG in1819-20. Reports from the Long party led to the erroneous use of the term"Great American Desert" to describe the plains region. Primarily because of this image, Kansas was considered an unlikely place forAnglo settlement, and the government decided to use the land for reservationsfor displaced Indians from the East. Westward-bound migrants were passingthrough Kansas, however, on both the OREGON TRAIL and the SANTA FE TRAIL. Soontremendous pressure developed to open Kansas itself for settlement, and in theearly 1850s the Indians were moved to what became Oklahoma. Four smallreservations in northeast Kansas are relics from that earlier time: thePotawatomi, the Kickapoo, the Iowa, and the Sac-Fox. The U.S. government opened Kansas to settlement in 1854 under the terms of theKANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT, which allowed the territory to determine its own positionon slavery. The peopling of Kansas thus immediately became a national issue.Organizations like the EMIGRANT AID COMPANY promoted immigration by antislaveryNortherners, while proslavery groups mounted a similar drive. The two groups ofsettlers established rival governments, violence erupted, and the territorysoon became known as "Bleeding Kansas." After much controversy within both theterritory and the U.S. Congress, the proposed proslavery LECOMPTON CONSTITUTIONwas rejected by the electorate, and Kansas entered the Union in 1861 under theterms of the Wyandotte Constitution (1859). Guerrilla raids continued along theMissouri-Kansas border throughout the Civil War. A major land boom occurred in the 1870s, as adequate rainfall, good soil,postwar mobility, and rapidly expanding railroads brought thousands to thestate, including many immigrants from Germany, Sweden, Russia, and elsewhere.One group, the German-Russian Mennonites, introduced the hard winter wheat thattransformed Kansas agriculture. Settlers dealt with the dry Western environment much as they had with thehumid East, plowing the land and establishing small farms. Ranching was viewedas an undesirable, seminomadic way of life, and so small farms were extendedwestward. Tree planting was thought to increase rainfall because leaves wouldtranspire large amounts of water into the atmosphere; irrigation was believedto have almost limitless potential; and techniques of dry farming were proposedto enable even the western counties to be cultivated easily. These beliefs werethe products of unfounded optimism and wet years. When especially dryconditions occurred in the 1930s, widespread winds blowing across thousands ofacres of nearly unprotected soil produced the infamous DUST BOWL. Since the1930s, improved tillage techniques, enlarged landholdings, increased use ofirrigation, rural-to-urban migration, and other factors have improved thesituation greatly. Nineteenth-century Kansas was noted for its activism. Abolitionist concern wasfollowed by major involvement in the Temperance movement and Populist party.Populism ended as a formal political movement about 1900, but it brought aboutmany innovations including federal grain inspection and stockyard regulation.More recently, the case of BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA, KANSAS led tothe 1954 Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation in the public schools wasunconstitutional. At least one observer has called modern Kansas the "eclipsedstate," contrasting past activity with present complacency. The state iscertainly conservative politically and has a net out-migration of the young andhighly educated. Other Kansans, however, believe that the state possesses whatmany Americans value today: smaller urban centers; clean air; an emphasis onself-reliance; and a reputation for good government and progressive education.</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_6290.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text>Kansas is governed under its original constitution (1859), one of the oldeststill in use. Legislators represent districts set up under theone-person-one-vote principle. The state senate has 40 members; the house ofrepresentatives has 125. Elected boards of commissioners head the 105 countygovernments. Local politics has traditionally been Republican because thatparty was initially associated with the free-state cause and with the popularHomestead Act of 1862; since statehood, only a small number of Democraticgovernors have been elected. Notable Republican figures with Kansas rootsinclude Alf LANDON, 1936 presidential nominee, and Dwight EISENHOWER. Pocketsof Democratic strength are Wyandotte County, an urbanized, blue-collar area;Ellis County, a German Catholic center; and the coal-mining area of extremesoutheastern Kansas.</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_6125.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text>The Kansas economy has been based on agriculture since settlement. Meatpacking, milling, and processing of other food products are the leadingindustries. Warehouses exploit the state's central location, and transportationequipment is an important product.AgricultureKansas ranks among the top ten U. S. states in the value of its total farmmarketings and traditionally leads the nation in wheat production. Theproduction of wheat is ideal for the central plains climate. Farmers plantwinter wheat in September to take advantage of autumn rains and cooltemperatures, and after a winter dormancy, the crop resumes growth in thespring. Wheat harvest is in June, just as the summer dry weather begins. Otherleading crops include grain sorghum (a drought-resistant feed grain), haycrops, corn, and soybeans in southeastern Kansas, and irrigated crops ofvarious types in the western half of the state. Through irrigation more corn isnow grown in western than in eastern Kansas, and the irrigation acreage hasincreased rapidly. The development of giant sprinkler systems, each pivotingaround a well and capable of watering 65 ha (160 acres), started this expansionabout 1960. In spite of Kansas's reputation as a wheat state, beef cattle are a moreimportant part of the economy. Typically, cattle account for half of totalagricultural receipts and wheat for another quarter. Cattle are foundthroughout the state, but the highest concentration occurs in the Flint Hills.This area traditionally was controlled by Texas cattle ranchers who used thebluestem grass to build up their herds after long drives north to therailheads. The region is still controlled by absentee owners, but cow and calfherds predominate instead of transient beef cattle. Kansas cattle used to beshipped east for fattening and slaughter, but today the trend is to keep theseoperations in the cattle-producing areas. Feedlots are now common throughoutthe state, and meat packers have abandoned their large and antiquatedfacilities in cities such as Chicago and Kansas City in favor of smaller plantsin places such as Dodge City and Emporia.Manufacturing and TransportationOne of the nation's first natural-gas booms occurred in southeastern Kansas inthe 1890s. Glass and portland-cement factories, zinc smelters, brick and tileworks, and other concerns were attracted to the area in large numbers. Theglass and zinc industries eventually left the area, but southeastern Kansasremains an area of small manufacturing cities. The production of transportationequipment is the state's leading industry, and Wichita manufactures abouttwo-thirds of all American general-aviation aircraft. Nonelectrical machineryand chemicals production, coal and gas products, printing and publishing, andfood processing are also leading industries. Excellent transportation has always characterized this crossroads of thenation. Main lines of the Union Pacific and Santa Fe railroads bisect thestate, as do interstate highways 35 and 70. Many large manufacturers use thistransportation system to market their products across large sections of theUnited States.TourismKansas attracts some tourism dollars each year, mostly from people in transitto and from Colorado and the West. In recent years there has been a statewidedebate over the merits of establishing a Prairie National Park somewhere in theFlint Hills. Proponents talk of capturing more tourist dollars and preserving amajor natural ecosystem; opponents say that development would destroy theserenity of the prairie and that Kansas ranchers are already doing a good jobof preserving the grasslands.PowerMost of the electrical power sold in Kansas annually is generated by coal- andgas-fired power plants. A controversial nuclear plant is now underconstruction, and many residents are exploring the potentials of solar and windpower. These last two sources may be especially appropriate for Kansas giventhe state's relatively high percentage of sunshine, its windy climate, and itsdispersed population.</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_4460.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text>The population of Kansas (1990 census) is 2,485,600. The population density ofKansas is less than half the national average. Natural increase along with anet inmigration produced a modest growth rate from 1980 to 1990 of 4.8%, alsowell below the national norm of 9.8% (1980-90). The majority of the populationlives in urban areas. Kansas ranks slightly below the national average inper-capita personal income. Most of the major cities in the state are located on early transportationroutes, principally the Kaw Valley-Union Pacific line due west from KANSAS CITYand the path of the Santa Fe Railroad from ATCHISON through TOPEKA, Emporia,HUTCHINSON, and Garden City. A major exception is WICHITA, a city whose initialprosperity can be attributed more to promotion than to transportationadvantages. Today, thanks principally to the petroleum and aircraft industries,Wichita is the largest city in the state, followed by Kansas City and Topeka. Most early Kansans were born in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, butthere was also an influential minority from New England. Today about 6% of thepeople are black, many of whom are descendants of the "exodusters," formerslaves who came to Kansas just after the Civil War. Garden City has sizablenumbers of Hispanic and Vietnamese, many of whom work in meat-packing plants. Asubstantial majority of church members in Kansas are Protestant. RomanCatholicism and the United Methodist church are the largest singledenominations.Education and Cultural ActivityEducation has always enjoyed a high level of local support, a fact that someattribute to the role of pioneer settlers from New England. The state ranksnear the middle among the U.S. states in terms of expenditures per pupil andabove the national average on student scores on standardized tests. There aremore than 50 institutions of higher learning in Kansas. Six are stateuniversities. The University of Kansas in Lawrence is known for its liberalarts program and medical school. Kansas State University in Manhattan enjoysnational stature for its agricultural and other applied-science programs. Otherpublic universities are located in Emporia, Hays, Pittsburg, and Wichita (seeKANSAS, STATE UNIVERSITIES OF). Significant libraries outside the universitiesare housed at the state historical society in Topeka and at the EisenhowerLibrary in Abilene. Because Kansas lacks cities of great size, most cultural activities areconcentrated in the universities. Notable art museums are at the University ofKansas and in Wichita; the State Historical Society in Topeka has a historicalmuseum; and the University of Kansas has an excellent museum of naturalhistory. Historical sites include various forts and stations along the Santa Feand Oregon trails and on the Pony Express route, and John Brown Memorial Parkin Osawatomie, containing the log cabin where the abolitionist John BROWNlived. Outdoor recreational areas are less spectacular than in some states, butmany people enjoy touring the lush, peaceful grazing areas of the Flint Hills.An annual rodeo at Strong City in June attracts a large crowd. Otherrecreational centers are the federal reservoirs and 21 state parks. Localsports interest is concentrated on the two major universities and theprofessional teams in Kansas City, Mo. Perhaps because of a low population density, local communications have alwaysbeen well developed. A number of daily newspapers are published, led incirculation by the Wichita Eagle. The state has several commercial televisionstations, along with many radio stations.</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_2826.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text>Kansas has a reputation for flat topography, but this stereotype is correctonly for the western quarter of the state; most of the land is rolling andhilly. The highest point, Mount Sunflower, in Wallace County in the west, is1,231 m (4,039 ft); the lowest elevation is 207 m (679 ft) in Montgomery Countyin the southeast. The rock strata are arranged in the manner of shingles. Theoldest rocks, Mississippian (360-320 million-year-old) limestones, outcrop onlyin the southeastern corner of the state. To the west newer surface materialsare found, first Pennsylvanian and Permian (320-245 million-year-old)limestones and shales, then recent Cretaceous (144-66 million-year-old) andQuaternary (less than 1.6 million-year-old) deposits. The western two-thirds ofKansas is part of the GREAT PLAINS, the eastern third belongs to the CentralLowlands, and the tiny Mississippian outcrop is part of the Ozark Upland. The flat topography of the Great Plains is commonly attributed to a lack ofwater for erosion, but the recentness of surface deposits is probably a moreimportant factor. The plains surface is actually an outwash "apron" depositedafter the Rocky Mountains were uplifted. Wind-deposited soil, called loess, wasplaced to a depth of about one meter on top of this apron at the time of thelast ice age, and it provides an excellent, stone-free medium for agriculture.Streams have dissected the plains in central Kansas to form the Blue and Smokyhills in the northern part of the area and the Gypsum Hills in the south; thelatter contain scenic buttes and mesas. The Central Lowlands portion of Kansas is commonly divided into foursubregions. South of the Kansas River are the Osage Cuestas, a plains areabroken by limestone escarpments sometimes exceeding 60 m (200 ft) in height. Tothe west, in a belt from Washington County to Cowley County, these escarpmentsbecome bolder and more frequent. Kansans call this area the Flint Hills, a namereferring to a mineral commonly found in the limestone layers. Sandstonereplaces limestone in the Chautauqua Hills, a small area along theChautauqua-Montgomery County line. North of the Kansas River is the Till Plain,where the rock escarpments are masked by a layer of glacial debris. The terrainthere is gently rolling. Soils in Kansas are predominantly humus-richmollisols, but lack of precipitation in the west limits productivity unlessirrigation is available.ClimateKansas's "big sky," dramatic sunsets, and great variability in temperature andprecipitation are all important aspects of the regional personality. Becausethe state is remote from the moderating influences of oceans, it has a wideannual temperature range. The average January temperature is minus 1 deg C (30deg F); the July average is 26 deg C (79 deg F). Diurnal ranges are also broad.Precipitation is highly variable and has a marked regional pattern. Averagerainfall increases from 380 mm (15 in) in the extreme west to 1,140 mm (45 in)in the southeast, a pattern related to distance from the Gulf of Mexicomoisture source. About 75% of the annual precipitation falls between April andSeptember, but summer is often a moisture-deficient season because of highevaporation rates. Because precipitation is dependent on the chance meeting ofmoist air from the Gulf of Mexico and low-pressure systems, yearly totals arehighly variable, especially in western Kansas. Thus, the region of greatestvariability coincides with that of lowest average rainfall totals, and thecombination produces doubled risks for local farmers. Sharply contrasting airmasses frequently clash over the Kansas plains, bringing violent weather andadding to the variability.DrainageThe Kansas (Kaw) River in the north and the ARKANSAS RIVER in the south drainmost of the state. The Kaw is a short stream (275 km/170 mi) formed by thejunction of the Smoky Hill and the Republican rivers; it enters the MissouriRiver at Kansas City. Principal tributaries of the long Arkansas River (2,348km/1,459 mi) in Kansas are the Cimarron, Neosho, and Verdigris. The Arkansasoccupies an especially wide and fertile lowland from the Hutchinson area in thesouth central part of the state to the Oklahoma border. None of the Kansaswaterways are used for navigation. The state has 20 major reservoirs and morethan 70,000 farm ponds. Extensive groundwater reserves in the Ogallala Aquiferare being depleted by heavy irrigation.Vegetation and Animal LifePrairie vegetation was the dominant pattern encountered in Kansas by the firstexplorers. Blue grama and buffalo grass grew in the west, and taller bluestemspecies dominated elsewhere. Timber, especially cottonwoods, sycamores, andwalnut trees, was common in the river valleys. Currently a debate existsconcerning the origin of the Kansas prairie. Some say that grass is the naturalvegetation under the state's highly variable climatic conditions, but othersclaim that trees would predominate over large portions of Kansas had it notbeen for widespread burning by the Indians, who set fire to the land to inducethe early growth of pasturage for buffalo. The common occurrence of oak,hickory, elm, hackberry, juniper, and other tree species on rocky, droughty(but fire-protected) escarpments supports the latter view, as does thesprouting of trees on abandoned farmland in the eastern half of the state.Animal life is highly diverse in Kansas and includes both woodland andgrassland species. Pheasants are a popular game bird in the west, and antelopehave been reintroduced there. Squirrels, raccoon, and deer occur in the east.ResourcesPetroleum and natural-gas deposits are widespread in the southern half ofKansas. The fields are in decline but still produce over half of the state'smineral output. The exploitation of the Hugoton gas field in the 1950s and '60smade southwestern Kansas one of the wealthiest areas per capita in the state.Most of the oil and gas is shipped out of Kansas to provide power for theindustrial Eastern states. Before World War II Kansas was, with Oklahoma andMissouri, a major producer of lead and zinc. No mines now operate in thedistrict, and a moderate economic depression exists locally. Salt, from theHutchinson area, and coal, in the southeast, are other resources.</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_2668.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<text>Occupying the central position in the conterminous United States, Kansas is oneof the nation's leading agricultural states. It is 14th in size among thestates. Kansas is bordered by Nebraska, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Colorado. Thearea was first explored by Europeans with the Coronado expedition of 1541, butsignificant Anglo settlement did not occur until 1855. After a 6-year struggleover the slavery issue, the "Sunflower State" entered the Union in 1861 on thefree side. Today it is a prosperous, conservative, rural state with an economywell balanced between agriculture and industry. The name Kansas is a Sioux wordmeaning "people of the south wind."LAND. Area: 213,096 sq km (82,277 sq mi); rank: 14th. Capital: Topeka (1990pop., 119,883). Largest city: Wichita (1990 pop., 304,011). Counties: 105.Elevations: highest--1,231 m (4,039 ft), at Mount Sunflower; lowest--207 m (679ft), at Verdigris River. PEOPLE. Population (1990 resident): 2,477,574; rank: 32d; density: 11.7persons per sq km (30.3 per sq mi). Distribution (1988 est.): 53.4%metropolitan, 46.6% nonmetropolitan. Annual change (1980-90): +0.5%. EDUCATION. Public enrollment (1988): elementary--306,751; secondary--119,845;higher--138,700. Nonpublic enrollment (1980): elementary--22,200;secondary--6,700; combined--3,100; higher (1988)--14,147. Institutions ofhigher education (1985): 54. ECONOMY. State personal income (1988): $39.3 billion; rank: 31st. Medianincome, 4-person family (1989): $37,938; rank: 30th. Nonagricultural labordistribution (1988): manufacturing--181,000 persons; wholesale and retailtrade--259,000; government--206,000; services--212,000; transportation andpublic utilities--64,000; finance, insurance, and real estate--58,000;construction--42,000. Agricultural income (1988)--$6.6 billion. Forestry:sawtimber volume (1987)--3 billion board feet. Mining: value (1987)--$1.9billion. Manufacturing: value added (1987)--$12.9 billion. Services: value(1987)--$7.6 billion. GOVERNMENT (1992): Governor: Joan Finney, Democrat. U.S. Congress: Senate--2Republicans; House--2 Democrats, 3 Republicans. Electoral college votes: 7.State legislature: 40 senators, 125 representatives. STATE SYMBOLS. Statehood: Jan. 29, 1861; the 34th state. Nickname: SunflowerState; bird: western meadowlark; flower: sunflower; tree: cottonwood; motto: AdAstra per Aspera ("To the Stars through Difficulties"); song: "Home on theRange."</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_2195.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
 (January 1993).iso/Files/Education/States/Kansas HTB 2.1 L1.cpt/Kansas HTB 2.1 L1/BMAP_5696.png){kind=link}
 (January 1993).iso/Files/Education/States/Kansas HTB 2.1 L1.cpt/Kansas HTB 2.1 L1/PATs.png){kind=link}